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Arunjith AravindanPostgreSQL streaming replication allows a standby server to continuously replicate data from a primary server. It operates by streaming Write-Ahead Log (WAL) segments from a primary server to one or more standby (replica) servers. The WAL segments contain a record of all changes made to the database, including data modifications and schema alterations (specifically, the […]
In this blog, we continue from where we left off in the previous post, InnoDB Cluster Setup: Building a 3-Node High Availability Architecture, where we demonstrated how to set up a MySQL InnoDB Cluster with three nodes to achieve high availability. Here, we walk through the step-by-step process of performing a rolling upgrade of that […]
Setting up an InnoDB Cluster requires three key components: Group Replication, MySQL Shell, and MySQL Router. In the previous post, we covered the process of building a 3-node InnoDB Cluster. In this post, we shift our focus to configuring MySQL Router and validating failover functionality. Environment overview We are using three InnoDB Cluster nodes along […]
Modern applications need to be highly available and easy to scale. A three-node MySQL InnoDB Cluster—built on MySQL Group Replication and connected through MySQL Router—provides a reliable way to support critical workloads. To set up this architecture, you start by deploying three MySQL server instances. In this example, the nodes are assigned the following hostname-to-IP […]
MySQL has been evolving rapidly, and with the recent release of MySQL 8.4, there’s a lot to unpack. While MySQL 8.4 is officially dubbed a Long-Term Support (LTS) release, many features introduced between 8.0 and 8.4 have now matured into defaults or become deprecated/removed. This blog provides a comprehensive, side-by-side comparison of the key differences […]
Table modifications are a routine task for database administrators. The blog post Using Percona Toolkit to Alter Database Tables Online: A Controlled Approach provides insights into the process of altering tables online in a controlled manner, ensuring uninterrupted access for application users and preventing application downtime. We will focus here on utilizing the powerful “pt-online-schema-change” […]
This blog was originally published in January 2023 and was updated in April 2024. MySQL index is a data structure used to optimize the performance of database queries at the expense of additional writes and storage space to keep the index data structure up to date. It is used to quickly locate data without having […]
Managing storage and performance efficiently in your MySQL database is crucial, and general tablespaces offer flexibility in achieving this. This blog discusses general tablespaces and explores their functionalities, benefits, and practical usage, along with illustrative examples. What are MySQL general tablespaces? In contrast to the single system tablespace that holds system tables by default, general […]
The auto-increment feature, which generates unique values for primary key columns, is an integral part of the database’s design. With the release of MySQL 8, a notable enhancement was introduced to the auto-increment counter. Compared to MySQL 5.7, this enhancement ensures that the maximum auto-increment counter value persists between server restarts, providing enhanced consistency and […]
MySQL 8 brought a significant architectural transformation by replacing the traditional MyISAM-based system tables with the Transaction Data Dictionary (TDD), a more efficient and reliable approach. This upgrade has vastly improved the management and storage of metadata, resulting in better reliability and scalability for various database objects. In this blog post, we will explore the […]
The clone plugin was introduced in MySQL 8.0.17 and offers a convenient method for cloning data from either a local or remote MySQL server instance. This cloning process creates a physical snapshot of the data stored in InnoDB, including schemas, tables, tablespaces, and data dictionary metadata. The clone plugin allows for easy provisioning of MySQL […]
In InnoDB, the undo log and the redo log are two indispensable components that play a vital role in maintaining data integrity and ensuring transactional consistency. Both logs are crucial in the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties of database systems. Additionally, they are essential for the Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC) mechanism. In this blog […]
In the world of modern web applications, it is increasingly important to support a diverse range of languages and character sets. With the rise of globalization, the need to store and process multilingual data has become essential. MySQL, one of the most popular relational database management systems, recognizes this need and has introduced utf8mb4 in […]
Table modifications are a common task for database administrators. In this blog, I’ll explain how to alter tables online in a controlled manner that does not disrupt application users or cause application downtime. One of the tools in Percona Toolkit is pt-online-schema-change, a utility that alters the structure of a table without interfering with the […]
This article outlines the basic configurations for setting up and deploying Percona XtraDB Cluster 8.0 (PXC) on Amazon EC2, as well as what is new in the setup compared to Percona XtraDB Cluster 5.7. What is Percona XtraDB Cluster an ideal fit for? Percona XtraDB Cluster is a cost-effective, high-performance clustering solution for mission-critical data. […]
My last blog, Percona Utilities That Make Major MySQL Version Upgrades Easier, detailed the tools available from the Percona toolkit that assists us with major MySQL version upgrades. The pt-upgrade tool aids in testing application queries and generates reports on how each question performs on servers running various versions of MySQL. MySQL Shell Upgrade Checker […]
It is essential to upgrade MySQL to the most recent version. Do you believe it’s tough to test and upgrade to a newer version? For a variety of reasons, including new features, performance advantages, bug corrections, and so on, databases with obsolete versions are vulnerable. Major version upgrades, on the other hand, can be problematic […]
This blog discusses new features about the persisted system variables and how we can use it to make variable changes persistent. The MySQL server maintains system variables that control its operations. The dynamic variables used prior to the MySQL 8 release are not persistent and are reset upon restart. These variables can be changed at […]
This blog discusses a few concepts about Docker and how we can use it to run a MySQL async replication environment. Docker is a tool designed to make it easier for developers and sysadmins to create/develop, configure, and run applications with containers. The container allows us to package all parts of the application it needs, […]
In MySQL 8.0 there are two new features designed to support lock handling: NOWAIT and SKIP LOCKED. In this post, we’ll look at how MySQL 8.0 handles hot rows. Up until now, how have you handled locks that are part of an active transaction or are hot rows? It’s likely that you have the application attempt […]